Analyzing the discipline layout of Western universities represented by those in the United States and universities represented by those in Russia, this article finds that the discipline layout of foreign universities pres? ents the characteristics of strengthening superior disciplines and highlighting characteristic development, empha? sizing transformation and strengthening practical training. A scientific and reasonable discipline layout will effec? tively integrate educational resources, fully demonstrate discipline advantages and form a large platform for culti? vating talents with distinctive industry characteristics, at last improving the quality of talents. Taking the adjust? ment of the discipline layout of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics as an empirical case, the postgraduates of optical engineering and civil engineering in this school are used as the research subjects, and the invention patents and academic papers are used as observation points to compare the innovation and exploration capabilities of the postgraduates before and after the adjustment of the two disciplines. The results show that af? ter the adjustment of the two disciplines’layout, the number and quality of scientific research innovation have been improved in both disciplines. Besides, the scientific research content is interdisciplinary and the scientific re? search methods have been further expanded. This article analyzes the significance of the optimization and adjust? ment of the discipline layout to the cultivation of postgraduates, and puts forward suggestions for the cultivation of postgraduates in our country to improve the quality of talents training, such as highlighting characteristics, strengthening applications, focusing on interdisciplinary and so on.