At the end of the thirteenth century, Kings of England had been exploiting and exhausting the Jews. Meanwhile,the Catholic Church launched the persecution against heretics. Together with the negative effect on English Jews caused by crimes like coin-clipping and the enlarged disparity, the mood of exclusion prevailed in England. Consequently, King Edward I signed the Edict of Expulsion in 1290. By the mid-seventeenth century, the colossal variations in economy and society of England had cultivated a relatively tolerant atmosphere, Jews eventually earned the readmission through the strenuous efforts of Menasseh Ben Israel and the consent of Oliver Cromwell after three-and-a-half-century expulsion.