The analysis of influencing factors of graduate students learning ability has significant importance in promoting the Chinese graduate education level. By absorbing the research results for learning ability at home and abroad, the dominance rough set theory is applied to analyze the influence factors of learning ability and to extract the key influencing factors of learning ability, which not only provides a new perspective for the study of graduate learning ability, but also provides the analysis ideas and suggestions to the creation of a research university and improvement of the research capacity of universities. Combined with the survey data from four research universities in Jiangsu Province, a model was proposed to extract the decision rules of learning ability, which not only has an important practical effect on understanding graduate study status and improving graduate learning ability, but also provides a useful reference for graduate training and management of a research university.